Endangered Species – An Indian Bureaucrat's Diary

Indian Cheetah

Binoy Gupta — Mon, 27 Jul 2009 15:12:21 +0000

Reintroduction in India

The Cheetah is the fastest land animal on earth.
The word “cheetah” is derived from the Sanskrit word ‘chitraka’, meaning “speckled”.

Asiatic Cheetah

Once upon a time, the Asiatic Cheetah (a different sub specie from its African cousin) was quite common and roamed all the way from Arabia to Iran, Afghanistan and India. The Asiatic Cheetah was also known as the hunting leopard, and were kept by kings and princes to hunt gazelle.
The Moghul Emperor Akbar is believed to have kept 1000 cheetahs.

Decimation of the Asiatic Cheetah

At the turn of the 20th century, there were several thousands of the Asiatic Cheetah in India.
But they were indiscriminately hunted.
The last three wild cheetahs in India were shot by the Maharajah of Surguja in eastern Madhya Pradesh in 1947.

After that, there remained a few cheetahs in different zoos of India.
But all of them died.
Since then, 35 cheetahs have been brought to India.
All of them died due to improper care and diseases in 6 different zoos – Hyderabad, Delhi, Kanpur, Calcutta, Trivandrum and Mysore.

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals has listed the Asiatic Cheetah as ‘critically endangered’.
Only 75 to 100 remain in the wild – confined to Iran’s Kavir desert – with a few being sighted in south-west Pakistan.

Reintroduction of the Cheetah

We hear so much of animal species being wiped out, that reintroduction of a species is wonderful news.
We may be able to see the Asiatic Cheetah once again in our forests.
The Wildlife Trust of India (WTI), has drawn up a detailed plan to reintroduce the cheetah.
It has identified several locations it considers suitable habitats.

Cheetah from Numibia

The Government of India approached Iran for a pair of cheetahs.
Iran agreed to give a pair in exchange of a pair of wild lions.
But Gujarat refused to give the two lions from the Gir Sanctuary.

The Government of India then approached Namibia and Namibia agreed to give a pair of cheetahs to India.
But the Namibian cheetah is a different sub-species from the Asiatic cheetah, and scientists warn that no translocation should be done without proper studies.

Final decision to be taken in September 2009

An international conference of experts from Africa and Europe will be held in September 2009 to move the project forward.
If the plan is cleared, the pair of Numibian cheetahs are likely to be translocated to Rajasthan.

A final decision will be taken by the Government of India after the expert meeting.
However, scientists want a very cautious approach because what is being reintroduced from Numibia are not the the Asiatic Cheetah but a different sub-species.

We may soon see the Cheetah in our forests

As things are moving in the right direction, I am sure Cheetah will soon be reintroduced in our forests.

The Vanishing Tigers of Panna

Binoy Gupta — Thu, 25 Jun 2009 16:58:43 +0000

Panna National Reserve was created in 1981 (from the former Gangau Wildlife Sanctuary created in 1975).
It was upgraded to a Project Tiger Reserve in 1994 – the 22nd in the country.

The Reserve forests and some protected forests in Chhatarpur district were the hunting preserves of the erstwhile rulers of princely states of Panna, Chhatarpur and Bijawar.
The official figures of tigers in Panna Tiger Reserve were as follows:

1993	1995	1996	1997	1998

22-27

23-28

22-24

In March, 2005, the Sunday Express first reported about the vanishing tigers in Rajasthan, prompting the Government of India to take urgent measures.
Around that time, a field researcher submitted a report that some 23 tigers had died or gone amissing in the Panna Tiger Reserve over the past two-and-a-half years.

The Director, Tiger Project, Govt. of India, New Delhi poo poohed the report and insisted there were 32 tigers. By early 2009, it was clear that there was only on male tiger left in Panna. In March 2009, two tigresses were relocated from Bandhavgarh and Kanha national parks to breed with the surviving male tiger. But by May 2009, even he had vanished. In April 2009, a central government team led by former National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) chief P.K. Sen confirmed that there were no tigers left in Panna.

In June 2009, Madhya Pradesh Congress demanded formation of an all-party MLAs

committee to probe into the reason behind the disappearance of the big cats from the reserve.

The same month Jairam Ramesh, Minister of State for Environment and Forests, said the government will fix accountability for the exaggerated projection of the tiger population in Madhya Pradesh’s Panna forest reserve.

What is needed is not enquiry by expert or in-expert committees, but fixing of responsibility.
How is it possible that the officials in charge of the Panna Reserve were not aware of the vanishing tigers?
They should have been the first to point this out.

And how could the Director sitting in his cosy office in Delhi discredit a researcher’s findings instead of trying to ascertain the facts.

Responsibility should be fixed and stringent action should be taken fast.

Travel India Whale Sharks

Binoy Gupta — Mon, 11 Aug 2008 02:20:20 +0000

Whale Sharks

“Whale Sharks are the largest fish in the sea, and yet, we know the least about them,” Jeff Swanagan, Executive Director and President, declared shortly after the opening of the Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta, U.S.

Seeing a Whale Shark in the ocean is very rare.
Even well-known oceanographers such as Dr. Sylvia Earle and Philippe Cousteau did not see their first Whale Shark until coming to an aquarium.

Whale Sharks frequently enter the coastal waters around India.
A few are washed ashore.
Nature lovers try to push them back to deeper waters.

Fortunately for us, today, most of the larger public aquariums display Whale Sharks.

Description
Believed to have originated about 60 million years ago, the Whale Shark, Rhincodon typus, is the largest living fish in the world.

The Whale Shark was first identified in April 1828 following the harpooning of a 4.6 metres (15.1 feet) specimen in Table Bay, South Africa.
It was described the next year by Andrew Smith, a military doctor with the British troops in Cape Town.
He published a more detailed description of the Whale Shark in 1849.
The name ” Whale Shark ” comes from the fish’s physiology.
It is actually a shark, as large as a whale, and filter feeds in the same way as whales do.It can grow up to 12.2 metres (40 feet) in length and can weigh up to 13.6 metric tons.

The largest accurately recorded specimen was caught on November 11, 1947, near the island of Baba, near Karachi, Pakistan.
It was 12.65 metres (41.50 feet) long, weighed more than 21.5 tons (47,300 lb), and had a girth of 7 metres (23.0 feet).

Distribution and habitat

The Whale Shark is found in open waters in tropical and warm-temperate oceans around the world.
Its range is restricted to about ± 30 ° latitude.
It is found to a depth of 700 metres (2,300 ft).
It is usually solitary.
Males range over longer distances than females.

Seasonal feeding congregations of the Whale Sharks occur at several coastal sites such as Ningaloo Reef (Western Australia); Útila (Honduras); Donsol and Batangas (Philippines); off Isla Mujeres and Isla Holbox (Yucatan Mexico); and the Tanzanian islands (Pemba and Zanzibar).

Description and Feeding

The Whale Shark is a filter feeder.
It has a huge mouth which can open up to 1.5 metres (4.9 feet) wide and contains between 300 and 350 rows of tiny teeth.
It has five large pairs of gills.
The two small eyes are located towards the front of the shark’s wide, flat head.

The body is mostly grey with a white belly.
Three prominent ridges run along each side of the Whale Shark and the skin is marked with a “checkerboard” of pale yellow spots and stripes.
These spots are unique to each whale shark and are used to identify each animal.

The skin can be up to 10 centimetres (3.9 inches) thick.

The Whale Shark is not an efficient swimmer and uses its entire body for swimming, reducing its speed to an average of around 5 kilometres per hour (3.1 mph).

Diet

The Whale Shark is a filter feeder — one of only three known filter feeding shark species (the other two are the basking shark and the megamouth shark).

It feeds on phytoplankton, macro-algae, plankton, krill, small fish and small nektonic life, such as small squid or vertebrates.
The rows of tiny teeth play no role in feeding.

The shark sucks in a mouthful of water, closes its mouth and expels the water through its gills. The plankton and other food material is trapped inside and swallowed.

The Whale Shark and Divers

The Whale Sharks are quite gentle and allow divers to play with them.

Divers and snorkellers can swim with them and even touch them without any risk apart from unintentionally being struck by the shark’s large tail fin.

The shark is often seen by divers in The Bay Islands in Honduras, Thailand, the Philippines, the Maldives, the Red Sea, Western Australia (Ningaloo Reef and Christmas Island), Gladden Spit Marine Reserve in Belize, Tofo Beach in Mozambique, Sodwana Bay (Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park) in South Africa and at the Galapagos Islands.

The highest concentration of Whale Sharks to be found anywhere in the world is in the Philippines. From January to May, they congregate in the shallow coastal waters of Sorsogon province (at Donsol).

Recently 150 Whale Sharks have been tagged and identified off the coast off Hol Box Island, Mexico. The island is located north of Cancun in the Gulf of Mexico. They visit the island from June through August and more have been identified every year.

Tour guides can organise swimming with these enormous creatures.

Reproduction

The reproductive habits of the Whale Sharks are obscure.
It was earlier believed to be oviparous, but the capture of a female in July 1996 which was pregnant with 300 pups proved that they are ovoviviparous.

The eggs remain in the body and the females give birth to live young which are 40 centimetres (15.7 in) to 60 centimetres (23.6 in) long.
It is believed that they reach sexual maturity at around 30 years and live to over 100 years.

Conservation status

The Whale Sharks are captured by artisanal and commercial fisheries in several areas where they seasonally aggregate.
However, they are not endangered.
IUCN has classified them as vulnerable.

Fishing, selling, importing and exporting of Whale Sharks for commercial purposes has been banned in the Philippines in 1998; in India in May 2001; and by Taiwan in May 2007.

Whale Sharks in India

Around 1,200 Whale Sharks migrate from East Africa to the Gujarat coast in the Indian Ocean for breeding every year.
They were indiscriminately slaughtered by fishermen in the coastal areas of in Gujarat.
About one thousand were slaughtered by Gujarat’s fishermen between 1990- 2001, who killed them for their oil, fins and meat. These fetched high prices in the international market. However, since 2005, the fishermen themselves have rescued nine of these huge creatures of the sea.

This has been possible through ‘Save the Whale Shark’ – a joint awareness campaign, conducted by the Wildlife Trust of India (WTI), the International Fund for Animal Welfare, Tata Chemicals and the Gujarat government since 2004.

Watching the magnificent creatures is a unique experience.
India is doing a wonderful job protecting and saving them.